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قالب وبلاگ | آموزش همه چيز از گرافيک آزمون افسردگی سایت های روانشناسی تست ریون روحیه شما به عنوان یک مرد یا زن نقاشی های ناخودآگاه و شخصیت شما تست استرس تست سنجش خود پنداشت شعور حسی تست خواب تست اعتماد به نفس مقابله با ناکامی را به فرزندان خود بیاموزید قالب هاي حرفه اي براي شما سرگرمي : تفريح : خنده جووني آنلاين
آقای دکتر ابراهیمی یوسف خجسته زیباترین زندگی که خداوند به انسان هدیه می کند خانم زهرا حيدر زاده خانم سيمين سپهري خلیل رحيمي خانم پريسا غفاريان خانم الهام كريمي خانم مژگان اميني خانم کبریایی كاظم ضيغم جهاني سعيد ابراهيمي مهدي حاتم نژاد خانم الهام معتمدي قاسم هزاري علی آزاد خانم رضایی روح ا...غلامیان خانم مريم سيفي خانم مهری غلامی خانم فاطمه خزائي داوودجونی حمید نیکدل احمد فروتن سيد حسين عارفي پور رضا هوشمند خانم سهیلا صمیمی خانم طاهرزاده خانم دلیری عکسهاي داغ از ... واي (5263)آرشيو لينكدوني
یک روان شناس
فايل هاي درس آسيب شناسي پيشرفته روان شناسی بالینی تست روانشناسی سه بعدی هیستری سه تيپ رنجور علائم كمبود اعتماد به نفس خودشيفتگي چه کسانی خودکشی می کنند
مهر 1388 اردیبهشت 1388 اسفند 1387 بهمن 1387 مهر 1387 بهمن 1386 آذر 1386 اردیبهشت 1386 آذر 1385 آبان 1385 خرداد 1385 اردیبهشت 1385
براي جستجو در همين صفحه وبلاگ واژه كليدي مورد نظرتان را وارد کنيد :
CAN EYE MOVEMENTS CURE MENTAL AILMENTS? ( )
The null hypothesis, which assumes that no difference exists until a statistically significant effect is demonstrated, is the keystone of scientific testing. Nevertheless, the field of psychology recently has seen the null hypothesis turned upside down in the promotion of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), a popular new psychotherapeutic procedure now proposed as a treatment for a wide range of problems including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, self-esteem issues, and achieving "peak performance." Television documentaries have attested to the power of EMDR, presentations on the procedure are being given at some of the most prestigious psychiatric centers in the nation, and EMDR's "discoverer," Francine Shapiro, was given the 1994 Scientific Achievement Award by the California State Psychological Association. (Shapiro's has a doctorate degree from unaccredited Professional School for Psychological Studies, San Diego, a now-defunct "authorized" school that was authorized by the State of California. "Authorized" is the lowest level assigned to proprietary schools in California, followed by "approved" and "accredited.")
Shapiro says that while walking in the woods she discovered that anxious thoughts left her consciousness as she experienced spontaneous saccadic (rapid, involuntary small movements of both eyes simultaneously) eye movements. From this she developed the technique of waving fingers in front of patients' eyes to produce "sets of saccades" while the patient imagines traumatic scenes and lets his thoughts and feelings go where they might. [Rosen questions Shapiro's original story, noting that people typically are not conscious of their own spontaneous, involuntary eye-movements [1].]
Shapiro says that she tried this new technique on 22 individuals who had reactions to old traumatic memories and reported [2] that all patients experienced profound reductions in their subjective distress to the disturbing scenes and memories in just one session--extraordinary clinical performance for a therapeutic procedure. As a result, interest in EMDR among mental health professionals has been phenomenal. Shapiro's report was published in 1989, and by 1992 it was estimated that 1,200 professionals had been trained in the method. It is now believed that over 20,000 professionals have been trained at workshops that cost over $350 to attend.
Meanwhile, several researchers have gone through the laborious effort of randomly assigning patients to EMDR or standard imagery treatment without eye movements. In almost every case, eye movements have provided no additional treatment effect [3,4]. When initial studies failed to support EMDR, Shapiro claimed that researchers had not received proper training in the techniques, so their work did not provide a fair test. After researchers took the appropriate workshop, the need for them to have Level II training was introduced despite the fact that no research had been done to justify such a requirement. When studies clearly showed that eye movements were unnecessary, Shapiro shifted the rationale of treatment and offered alternative forms of stimulation such as finger snapping and tapping motions.
What appears to have happened is that Shapiro took existing elements from cognitive-behavior therapies, added the unnecessary ingredient of finger waving, and then took the new technique on the road before science could catch up. Whenever findings failed to support EMDR's claims, a bold new pronouncement was made and the null hypothesis was again turned upside down. The acceptance and proliferation of EMDR by psychologists represents a fundamental shift on their part of basic assumptions about the burden of scientific proof. Before it was demonstrated that eye movements are essential, thousands of professionals started waving their fingers, and it appears they may continue to do so until convinced otherwise. We believe that claims for EMDR should be advanced only after acceptable levels of proof have been achieved. Also, because extraordinary results are claimed, we believe the dictum that "extraordinary claims demand extraordinary proof" should be applied.
References
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