Solving problems is ultimately a very rewarding enterprise, but every problem –solver has to deal with frustration at some time or another. We have all had the experience of being confronted with a problem that we just can’t solve.
The Frustration Aggression Hypothesis, by Victor Niederhoffer and Alex Castaldo
Neal Miller states a famous and influential theory of behavior from the 1930s as follows: "Wherever there is aggression, one presupposes the existence of frustration, and frustration always leads to some form of aggression."
The wind is blowing the dead leaves around and stirring us up internally. I have been approached by people with the same comments and questions before and after many of my recent appearances.
Frustrations, threats, and conflicts cause stress
Stressors may be real or imaginary, past or future obstacles or stumbling blocks, i.e. frustrations. If something (or someone) has interfered with our "smooth sailing" in the past, it is called a frustration or a regret. It may upset us and depress us.
Any observer of human emotions recognizes that certain circumstances and actions by others seem to make us mad. When we are intentionally hurt, insulted, cheated, deceived, or made fun of--all these things arouse anger
در قسمت قبل به موضوع " ناکامي" ، ماهيت و عموميت آن و علائم و نشانه هاي آن پرداختيم . اينک در ادامه مي خوانيم ...
درجات ناکامي
ناكامي
انسان موجودي به شدت نيازمند است . همه ي تلاش ها و جنب وجوش هاي او براي ارضاي آن نيازها و كامروا شدن در آن وادي است. مي كوشد تا كامش برآورده و مقصودش حاصل شود. ولي ارضاي نيازها و برآورده شدن آنها و در
II. NON-AGGRESSIVE REACTIONS TO FRUSTRATION [1]
Robert R. Sears
Institute of Human Relations, Yale University
First published in Psychological Review, 48, 343-346.
In order to analyze the nature of the non-aggressive reactions to frustration it is necessary first to consider the systematic setting in which the concept of frustration lies. Any on-going activity derives from some kind of instigation. The activity itself represents a sequence of acts which are instrumental to putting the organism and its environment into such context with each other that the final consummatory act, or goal-response, can be made.
IV. THE FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS AND CULTURE [1]
Gregory Bateson (1941)
St. John's College, Cambridge University
First published in Psychological Review, 48, 350-355.
I have been asked to examine the framework of Frustration and Aggression [2] from a specific point of view -- that which comes from the experience of studying contrasting cultures -- and for lack of space I shall confine myself rigidly to this point of view, at the risk of the reader assuming that I regard 'culture' as the answer to all our problems.
III. NEED-PERSISTIVE AND EGO-DEFENSIVE REACTIONS TO FRUSTRATION
AS DEMONSTRATED BY AN EXPERIMENT ON REPRESSION [1] [2]
Saul Rosenzweig (1941)
Worchester State Hospital
First published in Psychological Review, 48, 347-349.
Reactions to frustration may be divided into two fundamental types. One of these looks to the fate of the frustrated segmental need, the other to the fate of the individual as a whole -- namely, the integrated and coordinated personality -- as a result of frustration. In other words, there is a type of reaction to frustration which serves to fulfill the frustrated need in spite of momentary obstructions; on the other hand are those reactions which serve to protect the integration of the personality if and when the latter is threatened by the frustrating situation, The former type of reaction may be designated 'need-persistive' and may be thought of as occurring invariably after frustration, whereas the latter, which may be designated 'ego-defensive,' is conceived as occurring only under special conditions of ego-threat. Most behavior incident to frustration entails both types of reaction but pure cases of each alone are found and the theoretical distinction thus appears justified as an aid to analysis.
I. THE FRUSTRATION-AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS [1]
Neal E. Miller (1941)
(with the collaboration of Robert R. Sears, O.H. Mowrer, Leonard W. Doob & John Dollard)
Institute of Human Relations, Yale University
First published in Psychological Review, 48, 337-342.
The frustration-aggression hypothesis is an attempt to state a relationship believed to be important in many different fields of research. It is intended to suggest to the student of human nature that when he sees aggression he should turn a suspicious eye on possibilities that the organism or group is confronted with frustration; and that when he views interference with individual or group habits, he should be on the look-out for, among other things, aggression. This hypothesis is induced from commonsense observation, from clinical case histories, from a few experimental investigations, from sociological studies and from the results of anthropological field work. The systematic formulation of this hypothesis enables one to call sharp attention to certain command characteristics in a number of observations from all of these historically distinct fields of knowledge and thus to take one modest first step toward the unification of these fields.
VI. FRUSTRATION PHENOMENA IN THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SPHERE
George W. Hartmann (1941)
Teachers College, Columbia University
First published in Psychological Review, 48, 362-363.
The 'thwarted' experience or condition resulting from the failure of an organism to reach some valued objective is a familiar aspect of everyday life. Nonetheless, surprisingly little consideration has been given to the manner in which different cultures make provisions for accommodating themselves to the post-frustration behavior of 'balked' individuals or for adjusting these persons to their own unsatisfying state.
